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Rapidly Visualizing Magnetic Domains in Steel with Kerr Microscopy

Efficient development and QC of better performing magnetic steel alloys for electrical and electronic applications by taking advantage of the Kerr effect

Image of magnetic steel taken with a 100x objective using Kerr microscopy. The magnetic domains in the grains appear in the image with lighter and darker patterns. A few domains are marked with red arrows. Courtesy of Florian Lang-Melzian, Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany. Magnetic_steel_100x_objective_Kerr_microscopy.jpg

The rotation of polarized light after interaction with magnetic domains in a material, known as the Kerr effect, enables the investigation of magnetized samples with Kerr microscopy. It allows rapid visualization of magnetic domains at the material’s surface. For efficient R&D and QC of magnetic materials, e.g., steel alloys, used in electrical and electronic devices, Kerr microscopy can play an important role. More details about how Kerr microscopy can be used to image magnetic domains in the grains of steel alloys is described in this article.

By reading this article, you can learn about:

  • The basics of Kerr microscopy
  • How samples of magnetized steel alloy must be prepared before imaging with Kerr microscopy
  • The setup of an optical microscope for Kerr imaging
  • How to visualize magnetic domains in the steel grains from Kerr-microscopy images.

The magnetic optical Kerr effect, discovered more than 150 years ago by the scientist John Kerr, is a phenomenon where the polarization plane of light rotates after reflection from the surface of a magnetic material. This effect can be exploited to visualize magnetic domains in materials, such as the grains of steel alloys. This method is called Kerr microscopy.

Kerr microscopy can be used for efficient quality control (QC), failure analysis, and research and development (R&D) of magnetic materials. One example of its application is the development of better performing steel alloys concerning electrical and electronic applications, for example, electromagnets, transformers, windings/coils, inductors, filters, and storage media.

For this work, Kerr microscopy was used to visualize magnetic domains in grains of an electrical steel alloy. Results from Kerr imaging show that magnetic domains in the grains of the steel alloy samples have light and dark patterns arising from the Kerr effect.

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